The Two Particle Model of Physics
A complete rethinking of the physics of everything
We currently have two great established and accepted theories of how the universe
works. The Standard Model describes nearly everything at the atomic scale and
General Relativity describes nearly everything at the cosmic scale.
However, these models, based on thinking developed in the early part of the last
century, describe nature using two completely different versions of physics, one for
the very small and one for the very big. The fields-based physics of the Standard
Model cannot explain gravity and the spacetime-based physics of General Relativity
has nothing to say about the structure of the atom.
This is a huge problem when it comes to explaining the universe, which is essentially
something made of a lot of very small things collectively producing something which
is very big. Physics doesn’t change just because there happens to be more or less of
something. Physics is physics. It doesn’t come in different size-specific versions. And
when neither of two completely different theories can fully explain the same thing,
then a catch-all explanation produced by selecting the good bits from each theory
does not make either one of them any the more correct. Because both the Standard
Model and General Relativity are individually unable to explain all aspects of observed
reality, neither can possibly be correct.
Why do we need a new theory of physics?
However, as theoreticians have enthusiastically embraced a mathematical characterisation of the real world, mathematics has now
become firmly established as the driver with physics taking something of a back seat. Because, with the consensus establishment
of the Standard Model and General Relativity, physics is considered to have been largely settled, the expectation now is that
adjustments to the mathematical modelling alone will resolve everything and finally provide all the answers. As a result, the science
aspects of physics have effectively been frozen into the 1900s.
Now, when new observations are made, such as with the latest deep space telescopes, that cannot be explained within the current
established models, the tendency is to fix things by modifying the mathematics rather than by questioning the underlying physics. If
the mathematics then requires the addition of new particles, fields or forms of energy, such as hypothetical dark energy and dark
matter, these are duly added into the existing models and the huge intellectual and financial resources of the physics community
immediately redirects into searching for them in order to validate the fix. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this isn’t working.
The New Theory
We have known for over 100 years that charge is quantised. A
quantum of charge is real and precisely measured with a known
charge of 1.6x10
-19
Coulombs. The Two Particle Model of physics
simply acknowledges positive and negative quanta to be the sole
fundamental particles which fill the whole infinite universe and from
which everything in the universe is made.
The result is a consistent theory based on simplicity rather than
complexity, knowns rather than hypotheticals and the physics of
proven science rather than bespoke mathematics. Since we know
that atoms are held together by electrical charge and if we accept
that atoms must ultimately comprise some kind of fundamental
particles, then the simplest of all explanations is that these
fundamental particles, which form all atoms and all matter
everywhere, are charge itself. In other words, our real, measurable
and recognised quanta, as above. If we then accept that the universe
is made of ‘something’ rather than ‘nothing’ and, if we opt for
simplicity rather than complexity, then a universe filled with familiar
positive and negative fundamental particles is a much more likely
proposition than a universe filled with myriad varieties of complex,
hypothetical mathematical fields, themselves somehow generated by
the spontaneous expansion of unexplained singularity space.
This simple two particle premise then naturally results in a single,
comprehensible and complete model of the atom and the universe
that explains and resolves everything from the structure and
behaviour of neutrinos, photons, electrons and protons through to
the nature of gravity, dark matter, dark energy and the formation and
evolution of stars and galaxies.
The Two Particle Model of Physics
The simple premise of the Two Particle Model of Physics
is that the universally recognised units of negative and
positive charge, the net unit charge of the electron and the
proton, are the sole fundamental particles in nature. These
points of charge, or quanta, fill the entirety of the infinite
universe and the powerful but short range attraction or
repulsion between them is the sole fundamental force.
That’s it, there’s no need for anything else.
These quanta naturally interact to form the two net-
neutral, speed-of-light elementary ‘force’ particles, the
neutrino and the photon as well as the two net-charge
‘mass’ elementary particles, the electron and the positron.
Each of these four elementary particles are orbital
arrangements of the two fundamental quanta and
between them they form protons, atoms, all matter, stars
and galaxies. All the forces in nature, including the
electrostatic force and magnetism, are then the result of
either neutrino or photon interactions with matter.
The model is therefore simplicity itself, with just two
known fundamental particles and one fundamental force
responsible for everything from atoms to galaxies. There is
no need for hypothetical fields and forces, qualifying
exclusions and principles, virtual interactions, probabilistic
realities, mysterious forms of matter and energy or
complex and complicating bespoke mathematics. The
model is comprehensive, rational, easily understandable
and consistent with both basic physics and basic
common sense.
The Two Particle Model
New ideas in physics currently seem to be mainly aimed at trying to justify the old ideas and huge amounts of time and money are
being spent in the process.
Changing things will undoubtedly be a very slow process because the intellectual, reputational and financial investment in the
status quo is huge. However, as more and more physicists are minded to challenge the established narrative and take a fresh look
at the world in terms of reality and observation rather than from a largely mathematical and consensus perspective, it will
undoubtedly eventually happen.
The Future
The proof of any theory lies in its ability to explain and predict all aspects of its subject matter’s observed behaviour. The Standard
Model and General Relativity each fall well short, both within their own limited scope and outside of them. The Two Particle Model,
however, not only explains everything, but also does this in a consistent and logical way that is entirely compatible with common-
sense, the basic universal laws of physics and experienced reality. Equally importantly, it predicts behaviours that are completely
counter to current accepted thinking and yet rigorously stands up to examination by both real and thought experiments.
Fundamental
positive
and
negative
quanta
naturally
combine
and
produce
the
four
elementary
particles
which
together
form
all
atoms,
matter,
stars
and
galaxies
in
the
universe.
As
shown
in
the
above
schematic,
positrons
have
a
central
positive
interactive quantum and electrons a central negative interactive quantum.
The Two Particle Model of the Atom
Four Elementary Particles
This means that the complex mathematics constructed from and around each of these models, although itself undeniably rigorous
and self-consistent, is actually very eloquently describing something which is wrong. Because it perfectly describes the realities it
was designed for, the mathematics is clearly not the problem and so, instead, we need to look to the underlying physics.
The Two Particle Model of the Atom
and the Universe
A view of the Sun captured by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft during
perihelion, the spacecraft's closest point to the Sun in its orbit.
Credit: ESA & NASA/Solar Orbiter/EUI Team.
The Sun’s hot outer atmosphere, coronal flares, sunspots and 11
year cyclic behaviour are all simply explained by the Two Particle
Model.
Current theories can’t explain observed
galaxy rotation behaviour
The Two Particle Model
of the Atom and the
Universe
A complete rethinking of the
physics of everything
We currently have two great established and accepted theories
of how the universe works. The Standard Model describes nearly
everything at the atomic scale and General Relativity describes
nearly everything at the cosmic scale.
However, these models, based on thinking developed in the
early part of the last century, describe nature using two
completely different versions of physics, one for the very small
and one for the very big. The fields-based physics of the
Standard Model cannot explain gravity and the spacetime-
based physics of General Relativity has nothing to say about the
structure of the atom.
This is a huge problem when it comes to explaining the
universe, which is essentially something made of a lot of very
small things collectively producing something which is very big.
Physics doesn’t change just because there happens to be more
or less of something. Physics is physics. It doesn’t come in
different size-specific versions. And when neither of two
completely different theories can fully explain the same thing,
then a catch-all explanation produced by selecting the good
bits from each theory does not make either one of them any the
more correct. Because both the Standard Model and General
Relativity are individually unable to explain all aspects of
observed reality, neither can possibly be correct.
Why do we need a new theory
of physics?
However, as theoreticians have enthusiastically embraced a
mathematical characterisation of the real world, mathematics
has now become firmly established as the driver with physics
taking something of a back seat. Because, with the consensus
establishment of the Standard Model and General Relativity,
physics is considered to have been largely settled, the
expectation now is that adjustments to the mathematical
modelling alone will resolve everything and finally provide all the
answers. As a result, the science aspects of physics have
effectively been frozen into the 1900s.
Now, when new observations are made, such as with the latest
deep space telescopes, that cannot be explained within the
current established models, the tendency is to fix things by
modifying the mathematics rather than by questioning the
underlying physics. If the mathematics then requires the
addition of new particles, fields or forms of energy, such as
hypothetical dark energy and dark matter, these are duly added
into the existing models and the huge intellectual and financial
resources of the physics community immediately redirects into
searching for them in order to validate the fix. Perhaps
unsurprisingly, this isn’t working.
The New Theory
We have known for over 100 years that charge is quantised. A
quantum of charge is real and precisely measured with a known
charge of 1.6x10
-19
Coulombs. The Two Particle Model of
physics simply acknowledges positive and negative quanta to
be the sole fundamental particles which fill the whole infinite
universe and from which everything in the universe is made.
The result is a consistent theory based on simplicity rather than
complexity, knowns rather than hypotheticals and the physics of
proven science rather than bespoke mathematics. Since we
know that atoms are held together by electrical charge and if we
accept that atoms must ultimately comprise some kind of
fundamental particles, then the simplest of all explanations is
that these fundamental particles, which form all atoms and all
matter everywhere, are charge itself. In other words, our real,
measurable and recognised quanta, as above. If we then accept
that the universe is made of ‘something’ rather than ‘nothing’
and, if we opt for simplicity rather than complexity, then a
universe filled with familiar positive and negative fundamental
particles is a much more likely proposition than a universe filled
with myriad varieties of complex, hypothetical mathematical
fields, themselves somehow generated by the spontaneous
expansion of unexplained singularity space.
This simple two particle premise then naturally results in a
single, comprehensible and complete model of the atom and
the universe that explains and resolves everything from the
structure and behaviour of neutrinos, photons, electrons and
protons through to the nature of gravity, dark matter, dark
energy and the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies.
The Two Particle
Model of Physics
The simple premise of the Two Particle Model of Physics is that
the universally recognised units of negative and positive charge,
the net unit charge of the electron and the proton, are the sole
fundamental particles in nature. These points of charge, or
quanta, fill the entirety of the infinite universe and the powerful
but short range attraction or repulsion between them is the sole
fundamental force. That’s it, there’s no need for anything else.
These quanta naturally interact to form the two net-neutral,
speed-of-light elementary ‘force’ particles, the neutrino and the
photon as well as the two net-charge ‘mass’ elementary
particles, the electron and the positron. Each of these four
elementary particles are orbital arrangements of the two
fundamental quanta and between them they form protons,
atoms, all matter, stars and galaxies. All the forces in nature,
including the electrostatic force and magnetism, are then the
result of either neutrino or photon interactions with matter.
The model is therefore simplicity itself, with just two known
fundamental particles and one fundamental force responsible
for everything from atoms to galaxies. There is no need for
hypothetical fields and forces, qualifying exclusions and
principles, virtual interactions, probabilistic realities, mysterious
forms of matter and energy or complex and complicating
bespoke mathematics. The model is comprehensive, rational,
easily understandable and consistent with both basic physics
and basic common sense.
The Two Particle Model
New ideas in physics currently seem to be mainly aimed at
trying to justify the old ideas and huge amounts of time and
money are being spent in the process.
Changing things will undoubtedly be a very slow process
because the intellectual, reputational and financial investment in
the status quo is huge. However, as more and more physicists
are minded to challenge the established narrative and take a
fresh look at the world in terms of reality and observation rather
than from a largely mathematical and consensus perspective, it
will undoubtedly eventually happen.
The Future
The proof of any theory lies in its ability to explain and predict all
aspects of its subject matter’s observed behaviour. The
Standard Model and General Relativity each fall well short, both
within their own limited scope and outside of them. The Two
Particle Model, however, not only explains everything, but also
does this in a consistent and logical way that is entirely
compatible with common-sense, the basic universal laws of
physics and experienced reality. Equally importantly, it predicts
behaviours that are completely counter to current accepted
thinking and yet rigorously stands up to examination by both
real and thought experiments.
The Two Particle Model of the Atom
Four Elementary Particles
This means that the complex mathematics constructed from
and around each of these models, although itself undeniably
rigorous and self-consistent, is actually very eloquently
describing something which is wrong. Because it perfectly
describes the realities it was designed for, the mathematics is
clearly not the problem and so, instead, we need to look to the
underlying physics.
The Two Particle Model
of Physics
A view of the Sun captured by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft during
perihelion, the spacecraft's closest point to the Sun in its orbit. Credit: ESA
& NASA/Solar Orbiter/EUI Team.
The Sun’s hot outer atmosphere, coronal flares, sunspots and 11 year
cyclic behaviour are all simply explained by the Two Particle Model.
Fundamental
positive
and
negative
quanta
naturally
combine
and
produce
the
four
elementary
particles
which
together
form
all
atoms,
matter,
stars
and
galaxies
in
the
universe.
As
shown
in
the
above
schematic,
positrons
have
a
central
positive
interactive
quantum
and
electrons a central negative interactive quantum.
Current theories can’t explain observed
galaxy rotation behaviour
The Two Particle Model of the Atom and the Universe
A complete rethinking of the physics of everything
We currently have two great established and accepted theories of how the universe works. The Standard Model describes nearly
everything at the atomic scale and General Relativity describes nearly everything at the cosmic scale.
However, these models, based on thinking developed in the early part of the last century, describe nature using two completely
different versions of physics, one for the very small and one for the very big. The fields-based physics of the Standard Model
cannot explain gravity and the spacetime-based physics of General Relativity has nothing to say about the structure of the atom.
This is a huge problem when it comes to explaining the universe, which is essentially something made of a lot of very small
things collectively producing something which is very big. Physics doesn’t change just because there happens to be more or
less of something. Physics is physics. It doesn’t come in different size-specific versions. And when neither of two completely
different theories can fully explain the same thing, then a catch-all explanation produced by selecting the good bits from each
theory does not make either one of them any the more correct. Because both the Standard Model and General Relativity are
individually unable to explain all aspects of observed reality, neither can possibly be correct.
Why do we need a new theory of physics?
However, as theoreticians have enthusiastically embraced a mathematical characterisation of the real world, mathematics has now become firmly established as the driver with
physics taking something of a back seat. Because, with the consensus establishment of the Standard Model and General Relativity, physics is considered to have been largely
settled, the expectation now is that adjustments to the mathematical modelling alone will resolve everything and finally provide all the answers. As a result, the science aspects
of physics have effectively been frozen into the 1900s.
Now, when new observations are made, such as with the latest deep space telescopes, that cannot be explained within the current established models, the tendency is to fix
things by modifying the mathematics rather than by questioning the underlying physics. If the mathematics then requires the addition of new particles, fields or forms of
energy, such as hypothetical dark energy and dark matter, these are duly added into the existing models and the huge intellectual and financial resources of the physics
community immediately redirects into searching for them in order to validate the fix. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this isn’t working.
The New Theory
We have known for over 100 years that charge is quantised. A quantum of charge is real and precisely
measured with a known charge of 1.6x10
-19
Coulombs. The Two Particle Model of physics simply
acknowledges positive and negative quanta to be the sole fundamental particles which fill the whole
infinite universe and from which everything in the universe is made.
The result is a consistent theory based on simplicity rather than complexity, knowns rather than
hypotheticals and the physics of proven science rather than bespoke mathematics. Since we know
that atoms are held together by electrical charge and if we accept that atoms must ultimately
comprise some kind of fundamental particles, then the simplest of all explanations is that these
fundamental particles, which form all atoms and all matter everywhere, are charge itself. In other
words, our real, measurable and recognised quanta, as above. If we then accept that the universe is
made of ‘something’ rather than ‘nothing’ and, if we opt for simplicity rather than complexity, then a
universe filled with familiar positive and negative fundamental particles is a much more likely
proposition than a universe filled with myriad varieties of complex, hypothetical mathematical fields,
themselves somehow generated by the spontaneous expansion of unexplained singularity space.
This simple two particle premise then naturally results in a single, comprehensible and complete
model of the atom and the universe that explains and resolves everything from the structure and
behaviour of neutrinos, photons, electrons and protons through to the nature of gravity, dark matter,
dark energy and the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies.
The Two Particle Model of Physics
The simple premise of the Two Particle Model of Physics is that the universally recognised units
of negative and positive charge, the net unit charge of the electron and the proton, are the sole
fundamental particles in nature. These points of charge, or quanta, fill the entirety of the infinite
universe and the powerful but short range attraction or repulsion between them is the sole
fundamental force. That’s it, there’s no need for anything else.
These quanta naturally interact to form the two net-neutral, speed-of-light elementary ‘force’
particles, the neutrino and the photon as well as the two net-charge ‘mass’ elementary particles,
the electron and the positron. Each of these four elementary particles are orbital arrangements
of the two fundamental quanta and between them they form protons, atoms, all matter, stars
and galaxies. All the forces in nature, including the electrostatic force and magnetism, are then
the result of either neutrino or photon interactions with matter.
The model is therefore simplicity itself, with just two known fundamental particles and one
fundamental force responsible for everything from atoms to galaxies. There is no need for
hypothetical fields and forces, qualifying exclusions and principles, virtual interactions,
probabilistic realities, mysterious forms of matter and energy or complex and complicating
bespoke mathematics. The model is comprehensive, rational, easily understandable and
consistent with both basic physics and basic common sense.
Fundamental
positive
and
negative
quanta
naturally
combine
and
produce
the
four
elementary
particles
which
together
form
all
atoms,
matter,
stars
and
galaxies
in
the
universe.
As
shown
in
the
above
schematic,
positrons
have
a
central
positive
interactive quantum and electrons a central negative interactive quantum.
The Two Particle Model of the Atom
Four Elementary Particles
The Two Particle Model
New ideas in physics currently seem to be mainly aimed at trying to justify the old ideas and
huge amounts of time and money are being spent in the process.
Changing things will undoubtedly be a very slow process because the intellectual, reputational
and financial investment in the status quo is huge. However, as more and more physicists are
minded to challenge the established narrative and take a fresh look at the world in terms of
reality and observation rather than from a largely mathematical and consensus perspective, it
will undoubtedly eventually happen.
The Future
The proof of any theory lies in its ability to explain and predict all aspects of its subject matter’s observed behaviour. The Standard Model and General Relativity each fall well
short, both within their own limited scope and outside of them. The Two Particle Model, however, not only explains everything, but also does this in a consistent and logical
way that is entirely compatible with common-sense, the basic universal laws of physics and experienced reality. Equally importantly, it predicts behaviours that are completely
counter to current accepted thinking and yet rigorously stands up to examination by both real and thought experiments.
This means that the complex mathematics constructed from and around each of these models, although itself undeniably rigorous
and self-consistent, is actually very eloquently describing something which is wrong. Because it perfectly describes the realities it
was designed for, the mathematics is clearly not the problem and so, instead, we need to look to the underlying physics.
A view of the Sun captured by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft during perihelion,
the spacecraft's closest point to the Sun in its orbit. Credit: ESA & NASA/Solar
Orbiter/EUI Team.
The Sun’s hot outer atmosphere, coronal flares, sunspots and 11 year cyclic
behaviour are all simply explained by the Two Particle Model.
Current theories can’t explain observed
galaxy rotation behaviour
The Two Particle Model of Physics